Alizade Z, Azadbakht L. Review of epidemiology of metabolic syndrome in iran. Iran J Diabetes Metab. 2017;15(3):143–57.
Alberti K, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.
Day C. Metabolic syndrome, or What you will: definitions and epidemiology. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2007;4(1):32–8.
Isomaa B. A major health hazard: the metabolic syndrome. Life Sci. 2003;73(19):2395–411.
Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998;15(7):539–53.
Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsén B, Lahti K, Nissén M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(4):683–9.
Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Consumption of hydrogenated versus nonhydrogenated vegetable oils and risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome among Iranian adult women. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(2):223–6.
Fung TT, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Rifai N, Tofler GH, Willett WC, et al. Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(1):61–7.
HUIJBREGTS PP, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Int J Epidemiol. 1995;24(2):313–20.
Slattery ML, Boucher KM, Caan BJ, Potter JD, Ma K-N. Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(1):4–16.
Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1117–24.
Leech RM, Timperio A, Worsley A, McNaughton SA. Eating patterns of Australian adults: associations with blood pressure and hypertension prevalence. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(5):1899–909.
Ahola AJ, Mutter S, Forsblom C, Harjutsalo V, Groop P-H. Meal timing, meal frequency, and breakfast skipping in adult individuals with type 1 diabetes–associations with glycaemic control. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1–10.
Varady KA. Meal frequency and timing: impact on metabolic disease risk. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2016;23(5):379–83.
St-Onge M-P, Ard J, Baskin ML, Chiuve SE, Johnson HM, Kris-Etherton P, et al. Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(9):e96–121.
Jung CH, Lee JS, Ahn HJ, Choi JS, Noh MY, Lee JJ, et al. Association of meal frequency with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2017;9:77.
House B, Shearrer G, Miller S, Pasch K, Goran M, Davis J. Increased eating frequency linked to decreased obesity and improved metabolic outcomes. Int J Obes. 2015;39(1):136–41.
Pimenta AM, Bes-Rastrollo M, Gea A, Sayón-Orea C, Zazpe I, Lopez-Iracheta R, et al. Snacking between main meals is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN Project (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra). Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(4):658–66.
Tabarraei H, Hassan J, Parvizi MR, Golshahi H, keshavarz-Tarikhi H. Evaluation of the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the black caraway seed essential oil in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep. 2019;6:869–74.
Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK. Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter? Biochimie. 2016;124:187–97.
Kahleova H, Lloren JI, Mashchak A, Hill M, Fraser GE. Meal Frequency and Timing Are Associated with Changes in Body Mass Index in Adventist Health Study 2. J Nutr. 2017;147(9):1722–8.
Leech RM, Livingstone KM, Worsley A, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Meal Frequency but Not Snack Frequency Is Associated with Micronutrient Intakes and Overall Diet Quality in Australian Men and Women. J Nutr. 2016;146(10):2027–34.
Conway JM, Ingwersen LA, Moshfegh AJ. Accuracy of dietary recall using the USDA five-step multiple-pass method in men: an observational validation study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(4):595–603.
Gibney M. Periodicity of eating and human health: present perspective and future directions. Br J Nutr. 1997;77(S1):S3–5. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19970099.
Leech RM, Worsley A, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality. Nutr Res Rev. 2015;28(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422414000262.
Kahleova H, Lloren JI, Mashchak A, Hill M, Fraser GE. Meal frequency and timing are associated with changes in body mass index in Adventist Health Study 2. J Nutr. 2017;147(9):1722–8. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.244749.
Fung TT, Pan A, Hou T, Mozaffarian D, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, et al. Food quality score and the risk of coronary artery disease: a prospective analysis in 3 cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(1):65–72.
Moghaddam MB, Aghdam FB, Jafarabadi MA, Allahverdipour H, Nikookheslat SD, Safarpour S. The Iranian Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl Sci J. 2012;18(8):1073–80.
Vasheghani-Farahani A, Tahmasbi M, Asheri H, Ashraf H, Nedjat S, Kordi R. The Persian, last 7-day, long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire: translation and validation study. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(2):106.
Hagströmer M, Oja P, Sjöström M. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(6):755–62.
Bauman A, Ainsworth BE, Sallis JF, Hagströmer M, Craig CL, Bull FC, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of sitting. A 20-country comparison using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(2):228–35.
Willett W, Stampfer MJ. Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124(1):17–27.
Rahmawaty S, Charlton K, Lyons-Wall P, Meyer BJ. Dietary intake and food sources of EPA, DPA and DHA in Australian children. Lipids. 2013;48(9):869–77.
Wirt A, Collins CE. Diet quality–what is it and does it matter? Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(12):2473–92.
Franko DL, Striegel-Moore RH, Thompson D, Affenito SG, Schreiber GB, Daniels SR, et al. The relationship between meal frequency and body mass index in black and white adolescent girls: more is less. Int J Pediatr Obes (2005). 2008;32(1):23–9.
Toschke AM, Thorsteinsdottir KH, von Kries R. Meal frequency, breakfast consumption and childhood obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2009;4(4):242–8.
Mota J, Fidalgo F, Silva R, Ribeiro JC, Santos R, Carvalho J, et al. Relationships between physical activity, obesity and meal frequency in adolescents. Ann Hum Biol. 2008;35(1):1–10.
Field AE, Austin SB, Gillman MW, Rosner B, Rockett HR, Colditz GA. Snack food intake does not predict weight change among children and adolescents. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2004;28(10):1210–6.
Morgan KJ, Johnson SR, Stampley GL. Children’s frequency of eating, total sugar intake and weight/height stature. Nutr Res. 1983;3(5):635–52.
Howarth NC, Huang TT, Roberts SB, Lin BH, McCrory MA. Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults. International journal of obesity (2005). 2007;31(4):675–84.
Murakami K, Livingstone MB. Eating Frequency Is Positively Associated with Overweight and Central Obesity in U.S. Adults. The Journal of nutrition. 2015;145(12):2715–24.
Murakami K, Livingstone MB. Eating frequency in relation to body mass index and waist circumference in British adults. International journal of obesity (2005). 2014;38(9):1200–6.
Smith KJ, Blizzard L, McNaughton SA, Gall SL, Dwyer T, Venn AJ. Daily eating frequency and cardiometabolic risk factors in young Australian adults: cross-sectional analyses. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(6):1086–94.
Ha K, Song Y. Associations of Meal Timing and Frequency with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2437.
Ritchie LD. Less frequent eating predicts greater BMI and waist circumference in female adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(2):290–6.
Flegal KM. Evaluating epidemiologic evidence of the effects of food and nutrient exposures. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(6):1339s-s1344.
McCrory MA, Campbell WW. Effects of eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping on energy regulation: symposium overview. J Nutr. 2011;141(1):144–7.
Chapelot D. The role of snacking in energy balance: a biobehavioral approach. J Nutr. 2011;141(1):158–62.
Pliquett RU, Führer D, Falk S, Zysset S, von Cramon DY, Stumvoll M. The effects of insulin on the central nervous system–focus on appetite regulation. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolism. 2006;38(7):442–6.
Ohkawara K, Cornier MA, Kohrt WM, Melanson EL. Effects of increased meal frequency on fat oxidation and perceived hunger. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2013;21(2):336–43.
Morgan LM, Aspostolakou F, Wright J, Gama R. Diurnal variations in peripheral insulin resistance and plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations: a possible link? Ann Clin Biochem. 1999;36(Pt 4):447–50.
Stote KS, Baer DJ, Spears K, Paul DR, Harris GK, Rumpler WV, et al. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):981–8.
Leidy HJ, Campbell WW. The effect of eating frequency on appetite control and food intake: brief synopsis of controlled feeding studies. J Nutr. 2011;141(1):154–7.
Tai MM, Castillo P, Pi-Sunyer FX. Meal size and frequency: effect on the thermic effect of food. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(5):783–7.
Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Goris AH, Meijer EP, Westerterp KR. Habitual meal frequency in relation to resting and activity-induced energy expenditure in human subjects: the role of fat-free mass. Br J Nutr. 2003;90(3):643–9.
Belko AZ, Barbieri TF. Effect of meal size and frequency on the thermic effect of food. Nutr Res. 1987;7(3):237–42.
https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-022-00507-w